Glucagon [K79bB10]

K79bB10

Polymerized porcine glucagon

Glucagon

raw ascites

0. 1% Sodium Azide; Constituents: Raw Ascites

Secreted Glucagon is a 29-residue polypeptide hormone (MW 3482) produced in the pancreas. A related hormone enteroglucagon (or oxyntomodulin) which is produced in the mucosa of the small and large intestine consists of the 29 amino acid sequence of pancreatic glucagon extended by 8 additional residues at the C-terminus. The biological activities of pancreatic glucagon include glycogenolysis lipolysis gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis which are antagonistic effects to those of insulin action thus leading to increased blood glucose levels. Immunocytochemical studies have revealed the presence of pancreatic glucagon inside the A or alpha cells which constitute 15-20% of the islet cell population. These cells are located preferentially at the periphery of the human pancreatic islets. Pathological manifestations of the glucagon-type peptide reside almost exclusively with the existence of tumors or glucagonomas as no states of glucagon-cell deficiency or hyperplasia have been identified. Glucagon-specific antibodies would prove useful as an cell and tumor markers applying immunohistochemical techniques and as an analytical tool in quantification of the hormone.

GLP-1 is a potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Play important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues independent of the actions of insulin. Have growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH TSH CRH oxytocin and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferaton. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis.

Oxyntomodulin significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness.

Secreted.

Glucagon release is stimulated by hypoglycemia and inhibited by hyperglycemia insulin and somatostatin. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are induced in response to nutrient ingestion.

In the glucagon antagonist His-53 and Phe-58 are missing. This antagonist has been successfully utilized to reduce glucose concentration in vivo.