Metformin (hydrochloride)

1115-70-4

165.62

DMSO : >= 1.7 mg/mL (10.26 mM); H2O : >= 32 mg/mL (193.21 mM)

Autophagy; Epigenetics; PI3K/Akt/mTOR; Autophagy

Metformin hydrochloride (1, 1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes research. Metformin hydrochloride triggers autophagy^[1]. In Vitro: Metformin hydrochloride (1, 1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) inhibits proliferation of ESCs in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ is 2.45?mM for A-ESCs and 7.87?mM for N-ESCs. Metformin shows pronounced effects on activation of AMPK signaling in A-ESCs from secretory phase than in cells from proliferative phase^[2].
Metformin hydrochloride (0-500 uM) decreases glycogen synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ value of 196.5 uM in cultured rat hepatocytes^[3].
Metformin hydrochloride shows cell viability and cytotoxic effects on PC-3 cells with IC₅₀ of 5 mM^[4]. In Vivo: Metformin hydrochloride (1, 1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride; 100 mg/kg, p.o.) alone, and metformin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) with NSC 37745 groups attenuates myocyte necrosis through histopathological analysis^[1].