Rotenone

83-79-4

394.42

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (126.77 mM; Need ultrasonic); H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)

Apoptosis; Autophagy; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease

Rotenone is an mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitor. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. In Vitro: Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Toll-like receptor, Wnt, and Ras signaling pathways are intensively involved in the effect of rotenone on the ENS^[2]. Rotenone-induced cell death is reduced by MCE treatment as measured by decline in the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins. Moreover, MCE treatment significantly augments the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and blocks the release of cytochrome c, thereby alleviating the rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, as evidenced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining in the striatum^[3]. In Vivo: Rotenone causes a significant increase in the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters; glutamate and aspartate together with a significant decrease in the inhibitory amino acids, GABA, glycine and taurine are observed in the cerebellum of rat model of PD^[1]. Rotenone (1.5, 2, or 2.5 mg/kg) causes a dose-dependent increase in alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, at 2 and 2.5 mg/kg, rotenone causes a significant decrease in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra, and dopamine in the striatum in rats^[4].