Tivantinib

2 years -80 in solvent

Orally administered

T29, MKN-45 and MDA-MB-231 cells

0.03-10 uM

In polyethylene glycol 400/20% Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (60:40) 30 mg/mL

ARQ-197 has been shown to prevent HGF/c-met induced cellular responses in vitro. ARQ-197 possesses antitumor activity, inhibiting proliferation of A549, DBTRG and NCI-H441 cells with IC50 of 0.38, 0.45, 0.29 uM. Treatment with ARQ-197 results in a decrease in phosphorylation of the MAPK signaling cascade and prevention of invasion and migration. In addition, ectopic expression of c-Met in NCI-H661, a cell line having no endogenous expression of c-Met, causes it to acquire an invasive phenotype that is also suppressed by ARQ-197. Although the addition of increasing concentrations of ARQ-197 does not significantly affect the Km of ATP, exposure of c-Met to 0.5 uM ARQ-197 decreased the Vmax of c-Met by approximately 3-fold. The ability of ARQ-197 to decrease the Vmax without affecting the Km of ATP confirmed that ARQ-197 inhibits c-Met through a non–ATP-competitive mechanism and may therefore account for its high degree of kinase selectivity. ARQ-197 prevents human recombinant c-Met with a calculated inhibito constant Ki of approximately 355 nM. Although the highest concentration of ATP used is 200 uM, the potency of ARQ-197 against c-Met is not reduced by using concentrations of ATP up to 1 mM. ARQ-197 blocks c-Met phosphorylation and downstream c-Met signaling pathways. ARQ-197 suppresses constitutive and ligand-mediated c-Met autophosphorylation and, by extension, c-Met activity, in turn leading to the inhibition of downstream c-Met effectors. ARQ-197 induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis is increased in c-Met–expressing human cancer cells including HT29, MKN-45, and MDA-MB-231 cells.[1][2]

24, 32, and 48 hours

HT29, MKN-45, and MDA-MB-231 cells are seeded in black 96-well plates at 5, 103 cells per well overnight in a medium with 10% FBS. The next day, cells are treated with increasing concentrations of ARQ-197 (0.03-10 uM) for 24, 32, and 48 hours at 37 C. After ARQ-197 treatment, the drug-containing medium is removed and cells are incubated for at least 10 minutes in a labeling solution (10 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCl, and 6 mM CaCl2) containing 2 ug/mL Hoescht 33342 (blue channel), 500-times diluted Annexin V-FITC (green channel), and 1 ug/mL propidium iodide (red channel). High-content image acquisition and analysis are carried out. The program is set to take four images per well. The exposure time is set at 16.7 ms/10% gain, 500 ms/35% gain, and 300 ms/30% gain for the 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, FITC, and rhodamine channels, respectively. Images are processed and the numbers of positive cells for each channel and each condition are determined. In addition, HT29 cells are treated with increasing concentrations of ARQ-197 for 32 hours in the absence or the presence of 25, 50, and 100 uM ZvAD-FMK (irreversible general caspase inhibitor), and the same procedures are undertaken. All experiments are done in triplicate. To determine whether the apoptotic effect is due to c-Met inhibition, the effect of ARQ-197 when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and c-Met are knocked down using siRNA is investigated. HT29, MKN-45, and MDA-MB-231 cells are transfected with a nontargeted control siRNA, a gapgh-targeted control siRNA, or a met-targeted siRNA. After 3 days, c-Met, GAPDH, and beta-actin expression levels are determined using specific antibodies. To determine if the effect is caspase dependent, HT29, MKN-45, and MDA-MB-231 cells are transfected with a met-targeted siRNA for 2 days and incubated in the absence or the presence of increasing concentrations of ZvAD-FMK for 1 additional day. A nontargeted siRNA and a gapgh-targeted siRNA (siRNA GAPDH) are also transfected in parallel, as controls. Cells are then stained with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide, and the percentage of apoptotic cells is determined.

Tivantinib is the first non-ATP-competitive c-Met inhibitor with Ki of 0.355 μM in a cell-free assay, little activity to Ron, and no inhibition to EGFR, InsR, PDGFRα or FGFR1/4. Tivantinib (ARQ 197) induces a G2/M arrest and apoptosis.

ARQ-197 is the first selective c-Met inhibitor in advanced human clinical trials.