SEB Detection Kit

ELISA

Gel Packs

Bacterial toxins

The contamination of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins in food and water is a serious issue for human health and safety. For instance, enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are heat-stable, meaning pathological activity remains even after exposure to sterilization techniques and digestive proteases. Among the SEs, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and B (SEB) are confirmed toxins which cause enteritis and food poisoning. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, which in severe cases, may lead to fatalities in children and the elderly. These SEs, known as superantigens, non-specifically activate T-cells, leading to proliferation which ultimately results in T-cell elimination. This activation directly and indirectly induces a massive release of inflammatory cytokines. In addition to acute poisoning, researchers reported that these toxins may play roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. More specifically, intestinal dysbiosis (enteromicrobial imbalance) was found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and may cause overwhelming host defense functions by chronic exposure to excess amounts of these pathogens. In animal models, SEs synergistically play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-related diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, food allergies, colitis, arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Pre-coat