HIV1 gp120 (Biotin)

GWB-E2ADD3

Purified native gp120 from strain IIIB.

HIV1 gp120

Biotin

0. 1% Sodium Azide. Constituents: 0. 01M PBS. pH 7. 2

120 kDa. Not tested in other applications. Optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user. Cellular

The surface protein gp120 (SU) attaches the virus to the host lymphoid cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4. This interaction induces a structural rearrangement creating a high affinity binding site for a chemokine coreceptor like CXCR4 and/or CCR5. This peculiar 2 stage receptor-interaction strategy allows gp120 to maintain the highly conserved coreceptor-binding site in a cryptic conformation protected from neutralizing antibodies. Since CD4 also displays a binding site for the disulfide-isomerase P4HB/PDI a P4HB/PDI-CD4-CXCR4-gp120 complex may form. In that complex P4HB/PDI could reach and reduce gp120 disulfide bonds causing major conformational changes in gp120. TXN another PDI family member could also be involved in disulfide rearrangements in Env during fusion. These changes are transmitted to the transmembrane protein gp41 and are thought to activate its fusogenic potential by unmasking its fusion peptide. Fusion occurs at the host cell plasma membrane (By similarity).

The surface protein gp120 is a ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR which are respectively found on dendritic cells (DCs) and on endothelial cells of liver sinusoids and lymph node sinuses. These interactions allow capture of viral particles at mucosal surfaces by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. DCs are professional antigen presenting cells critical for host immunity by inducing specific immune responses against a broad variety of pathogens. They act as sentinels in various tissues where they take up antigen process it and present it to T cells following migration to lymphoid organs. HIV subverts the migration properties of dendritic cells to gain access to CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes. Virus transmission to permissive T-cells occurs either in trans (without DCs infection through viral capture and transmission) or in cis (following DCs productive infection through the usual CD4-gp120 interaction) thereby inducing a robust infection. In trans infection bound virions remain infectious over days and it is proposed that they are not degraded but protected in non-lysosomal acidic organelles within the DCs close to the cell membrane thus contributing to the viral infectious potential during DCs\' migration from the periphery to the lymphoid tissues. On arrival at lymphoid tissues intact virions recycle back to DCs\' cell surface allowing virus transmission to CD4+ T cells. Virion capture also seems to lead to MHC-II-restricted viral antigen presentation and probably to the activation of HIV-specific CD4+ cells (By similarity).

Seems to contribute to T-cell depletion during HIV-1 infection. The envelope glycoproteins expressed on the surface of infected cells induce apoptosis through an interaction with uninfected cells expressing the receptor (CD4) and the coreceptors CXCR4 or CCR5. This type of bystander killing may be obtained by at least three distinct mechanisms. First the interaction between the 2 cells can induce cellular fusion followed by nuclear fusion within the syncytium. Syncytia are condemned to die from apoptosis. Second the 2 interacting cells may not fuse entirely and simply exchange plasma membrane lipids after a sort of hemifusion process followed by rapid death. Third it is possible that virus-infected cells on the point of undergoing apoptosis fuse with CD4-expressing cells in which case apoptosis is rapidly transmitted from one cell to the other and thus occurs in a sort of contagious fashion (By similarity).

The mature envelope protein (Env) consists of a homotrimer of noncovalently associated gp120-gp41 heterodimers. The resulting complex protrudes from the virus surface as a spike. There seems to be as few as 10 spikes on the average virion. Surface protein gp120 interacts with human CD4 CCR5 and CXCR4 to form a P4HB/PDI-CD4-CXCR4-gp120 complex. Gp120 also interacts with the C-type lectins CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR (collectively referred to as DC-SIGN(R)). Gp120 and gp41 interact with GalCer (By similarity).

Surface protein: Virion membrane; Peripheral membrane protein (By similarity). Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein (By similarity). Note=The surface protein is not anchored to the viral envelope but associates with the extravirion surface through its binding to TM. It is probably concentrated at the site of budding and incorporated into the virions possibly by contacts between the cytoplasmic tail of Env and the N-terminus of Gag (By similarity). Domain: The YXXL motif is involved in determining the exact site of viral release at the surface of infected mononuclear cells and promotes endocytosis (By similarity). Domain: The 17 amino acids long immunosuppressive region is present in many retroviral envelope proteins. Synthetic peptides derived from this relatively conserved sequence inhibit immune function in vitro and in vivo (By similarity). Domain: Some of the most genetically diverse regions of the viral genome are present in Env. They are called variable regions 1 through 5 (V1 through V5). Coreceptor usage of gp120 is determined mainly by the primary structure of the third variable region (V3) in the outer domain of gp120. The sequence of V3 determines which coreceptor CCR5 and/or CXCR4 (corresponding to R5/macrophage X4/T cell and R5X4/T cell and macrophage tropism) is used to trigger the fusion potential of the Env complex and hence which cells the virus can infect. Binding to CCR5 involves a region adjacent in addition to V3 (By similarity). Ptm: Specific enzymatic cleavages in vivo yield mature proteins. Envelope glycoproteins are synthesized as a inactive precursor that is heavily N-glycosylated and processed likely by host cell furin in the Golgi to yield the mature SU and TM proteins. The cleavage site between SU and TM requires the minimal sequence [KR]-X-[KR]-R. About 2 of the 9 disulfide bonds of gp41 are reduced by P4HB/PDI following binding to CD4 receptor (By similarity). Miscellaneous: Inhibitors targeting HIV-1 viral envelope proteins are used as antiretroviral drugs. Attachment of virions to the cell surface via nonspecific interactions and CD4 binding can be blocked by inhibitors that include cyanovirin-N cyclotriazadisulfonamide analogs PRO 2000 TNX 355 and PRO 542. In addition BMS 806 can block CD4-induced conformational changes. Env interactions with the coreceptor molecules can be targeted by CCR5 antagonists including SCH-D maraviroc (UK 427857) and aplaviroc (GW 873140) and the CXCR4 antagonist AMD 070. Fusion of viral and cellular membranes can be inhibited by peptides such as enfuvirtide and tifuvirtide (T 1249). Resistance to inhibitors associated with mutations in Env are observed. Most of the time single mutations confer only a modest reduction in drug susceptibility. Combination of several mutations is usually required to develop a high-level drug resistance (By similarity). Miscellaneous: HIV-1 lineages are divided in three main groups M (for Major) O (for Outlier) and N (for New or Non-M Non-O). The vast majority of strains found worldwide belong to the group M. Group O seems to be endemic to and largely confined to Cameroon and neighboring countries in West Central Africa where these viruses represent a small minority of HIV-1 strains. The group N is represented by a limited number of isolates from Cameroonian persons. The group M is further subdivided in 9 clades or subtypes (A to D F to H J and K).