TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (E.Coli-DERIVED)

Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation.

Cell membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein. Tumor necrosis factor soluble form: Secreted. Note=Also exists as an extracellular soluble form.

The membrane form but not the soluble form is phosphorylated on serine residues. Dephosphorylation of the membrane form occurs by binding to soluble TNFRSF1A/TNFR1.

Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family. Summary: This protein is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation differentiation apoptosis lipid metabolism and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases including autoimmune diseases insulin resistance and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine. [1] Otieno F. G. Lopez A. M. Jimenez S. A. Gentiletti J. and Artlett C. M. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 and tumor necrosis factor single nucleotide polymorphisms in systemic sclerosis[2] Kumar R. Goswami R. Agarwal S. Israni N. Singh S. K. and Rani R. et al. Association and interaction of the TNF-alpha gene with other pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes and HLA genes in patients with type 1 diabetes from North India[3] Raval G. Biswas S. Rayman P. Biswas K. Sa G. Ghosh S. Thornton M. Hilston C. Das T. Bukowski R. Finke J. and et al. TNF-alpha induction of GM2 expression on renal cell carcinomas promotes T cell dysfunction[4] Altinova A. E. Toruner F. Bozkurt N. Bukan N. Karakoc A. Yetkin I. Ayvaz G. Cakir N. and Arslan M. Circulating concentrations of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in gestational diabetes mellitus[5] Liu D. Y. Wang X. L. and Liu P. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha upregulates the expression of immunoglobulin secretory component[6] Nedospasov S. A. Shakhov A. N. Turetskaya R. L. Mett V. A. Azizov M. M. Georgiev G. P. Korobko V. G. Dobrynin V. N. Filippov S. A. Bystrov N. S. et al. Tandem arrangement of genes coding for tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and lymphotoxin (TNF-beta) in the human genome. [7] Pennica D. Nedwin G. E. Hayflick J. S. Seeburg P. H. Derynck R. Palladino M. A. Kohr W. J. Aggarwal B. B. Goeddel D. V. Human tumour necrosis factor: precursor structure expression and homology to lymphotoxin. [8] Shirai T. Yamaguchi H. Ito H. Todd C. W. Wallace R. B. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for human tumour necrosis factor. [9] Nedwin G. E. Naylor S. L. Sakaguchi A. Y. Smith D. H. Jarrett-Nedwin J. Pennica D. Goeddel D. V. Gray P. W. Human lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor genes: structure homology and chromosomal localization. [10] Wang A. M. Creasey A. A. Ladner M. B. Lin L. S. Strickler J. van Arsdell J. N. Yamamoto R. Mark D. F. Molecular cloning of the complementary DNA for human tumor necrosis factor.