Calmodulin,Wheat (T. aestivum)Porcine

Calmodulins immobilized via SH (wheat germ) and amino groups (porcine) to epoxy resin allowing multiple orientations of bound calmodulin for efficient capture of calmodulin binding proteins. Wheat germ (Triticum aestivum) calmodulin (CaM) sequence is unique in that it contains cysteine at residue position 26 (Cys26). Wheat germ calmodulin coupled primarily through SH group (Cys26) to epoxy activated resin. Coupled at 5 mg per mL, it is useful for pull down experiments and proteomic applications requiring a high capacity precipitation reagent. Dense resin can be easily separated from extracts by centrifugation using batch or spin column procedures. Resin can be reused but proteolysis from crude samples will reduce binding capacity on repeat cycles. Loading conditions: 100 uM Ca2+, with protease inhibitors and appropriate buffers. Elution conditions: Buffers with 1 mM EDTA or EGTA. Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous, calcium-binding protein that binds and regulates a multitude of protein targets, many of which are involved in the Alzheimer's and the Parkinson's pathways1, 4. CaM has a molecular weight of about 17kDa, containing 148 amino acids, and pI of 3.9. CaM is characterized by two domains, connected by an alpha-helix chain. Each domain has the capacity to bind two calcium ions. Binding Ca2+ ions causes a conformational change in CaM, making it available for interaction with target proteins. Hence, CaM functions as an intracellular calcium ion bridge to mediate cellular reactions and responds appropriately to calcium ion concentration. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), irregular calcium homeostasis seems to trigger CaM and its binding proteins, to enhance plaque formation and neurofibrillary degeneration, which results in cell death1. The increased cytosolic levels of Ca2+ in AD neurons promotes CaM binding and regulation of available Ca2+/CaM-dependent CaM-binding proteins, associated with amyloid beta (Ab) formation. In addition, the increased level of Ca2+ triggers Calmodulin to activate calcium/CaM-dependent kinase II and precede neurofibrillary tangle formation2, 4. In Parkinson's disease (PD), Calmodulin has been found to interact, in a calcium dependent manner, with Alpha-Synuclein, which is associated with the progression of PD. CaM was identified as one of the synuclein-interacting proteins that regulate synuclein conformation3.