Staurosporine (STS)

466, 53

Male Mongolian gerbils or male Wistar rats subjected to transient ischemia

Dissolved in DMSO, final concentration 1 uM

Dissolved in DMSO, and diluted in saline

Staurosporine, a microbial alkaloid, significantly inhibits protein kinase C from rat brain with IC50 of 2.7 nM. Staurosporine displays strong inhibitory effect against HeLa S3 cells with IC50 of 4 nM. [1] Staurosporine also inhibits a variety of other protein kinases, including PKA, PKG, phosphorylase kinase, S6 kinase, Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), CAM PKII, cdc2, v-Src, Lyn, c-Fgr, and Syk with IC50 of 15 nM, 18 nM, 3 nM, 5 nM, 21 nM, 20 nM, 9 nM, 6 nM, 20 nM, 2 nM, and 16 nM, respectively. [2] Staurosporine (1 uM) induces >90% apoptosis in PC12 cells. Consistently, Staurosporine treatment induces a rapid and prolonged elevation of intracellular free calcium levels [Ca2+]i, accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. [3] The apoptosis of MCF7 cells induced by Staurosporine can be enhanced by the expression of functional caspase-3 via caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage. [4] Staurosporine treatment at 1 uM only partially inhibits IL-3-stimulated Bcl2 phosphorylation but completely blocks PKC-mediated Bcl2 phosphorylation. [5] Staurosporine induces apoptosis of human foreskin fibroblasts AG-1518, depending on the lysosomal cathepsins D mediated cytochrome c release and caspase activation. [6] In addition to activating the classical mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, Staurosporine triggers a novel intrinsic apoptosis pathway, relying on the activation of caspase-9 in the absence of Apaf-1. [7]

ca.32 hours

Cells are exposed to Staurosporine for ca.32 hours. Cells are fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342. Cells are visualized under epifluorescence illumination, and the percentage of apoptotic cells (cells with condensed and fragmented DNA) is determined.

Staurosporine (STS) is a potent PKC inhibitor for PKCα, PKCγ and PKCη with IC50 of 2 nM, 5 nM and 4 nM, less potent to PKCδ (20 nM), PKCε (73 nM) and little active to PKCζ (1086 nM) in cell-free assays. Also shows inhibitory activities on other kinases, such as PKA, PKG, S6K, CaMKII, etc. Phase 3.