Simvastatin

79902-63-9

C25H38O5

H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble); DMSO : >= 50 mg/mL (119.45 mM)

Autophagy; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Autophagy

Simvastatin (MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a K_i of 0.2 nM. IC50 & Target: Ki: 0.2 nM (HMG-CoA reductase)^[1] In Vitro: Simvastatin needs to be activated by NaOH in EtOH treatment before use for cell assay. Simvastatin suppresses cholesterol synthesis in mouse L-M cell, rat H4II E cell, and human Hep G2 cell with IC₅₀s of 19.3 nM, 13.3 nM and 15.6 nM, respectively^[1]. Simvastatin causes a dose-dependent increase in serine 473 phosphorylation of Akt within 30 minutes, with maximal phosphorylation occurring at 1.0 uM. Simvastatin (1.0 uM) enhances phosphorylation of the endogenous Akt substrate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inhibits serum-free media undergo apoptosis and accelerates vascular structure formation^[2]. Simvastatin shows anti-in?ammatory effects, reduces anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibody-stimulated proliferation of PB-derived mononuclear cells and synovial ?uid cells from rheumatoid arthritis blood, as well as IFN-gamma release at 10 uM. Simvastatin (10 uM) also blocks cell-mediated macrophage TNF-gamma release induced via cognate interactions by appr 30%^[3]. Simvastatin (5 uM) significantly reduces the expression of ABCA1 in astrocytes and neuroblastoma cells, the expression of apolipoprotein E in astrocytes, and increases cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta expression in SK-N-SH cells^[7]. In Vivo: Simvastatin suppresses the conversion of radiolabeled acetate to cholesterol with an IC₅₀ of 0.2 mg/kg via p.o. administration^[1]. Simvastatin (4 mg/day, p.o. for 13 weeks) returns the cholesterol-induced increases in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol to normal level in rabbits fed an atherogenci cholesterol-rich diet^[4]. Simvastatin (6 mg/kg) increases LDL receptor-dependent binding and the number of hepatic LDL receptors in rabbits fed a diet containing 0.25% cholesterol^[5]. Simvastatin affects inflammation independent of its effect on plasma cholesterol level. Simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) causes a 1.3-fold less macrophage content in lesions, and 2-fold less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-1beta, and tissue factor expression, companied by a 2.1-fold increases in lesional smooth muscle cell and collagen content in cynomolgus monkeys fed an atherogenic diet^[6].